Phenomenology and the sociology of knowledge Essay

Phenomenology go off both be understood to be a discipline and a question in the history of philosophy. As a discipline, Phenomology tush be defined to be the theatre of operations of structures of experience and consciousness. Ontology, epistemology, logic and ethics atomic number 18 other disciplines which be related to Phenomology though they are distinct (Schulz, Wagner, 1997). In a contrasting perspective, Phenomology can be defined as a historical movement which was launched by great thinkers such as Edmund Husserl among others in the 20th century. Phenomenology and affectionate informationCommon theories present in genial science are based in the real world. This leads to my conviction that phenomenological research can be wasting diseased in the future studies of just about methods which are in use in social science. Phenomenology can further be apply in social science to facilitate the take careing of some phenomenons which are often taken for granted. For ins tance, man is assumed to be social be and language and communication systems do exist. Methods in social science overleap to address wherefore there is mutual understanding and communication and why men are motivated by certain experiences.Moreover, the social science methods fail to describe the underlying assumption and their implications in the interpretation of social interrelationship (collins, 1998). All these can only be addressed by philosophical analysis which Husserl referred to as phenomenological philosophy. Phenomenology can also be used to bring meaning and insights to the study of grief, anxiety and pain which are some social issues which affect the very existence of man. Through phenomenology, social scientists can account and analytically describe the acts of intentional consciousness.Finally, phenomenology creates a bridge for the phenomenological sociology which provides an understand ding of the formal structures common in everyday day life. Sociology of int imacy Sociology of cognition refers to the study of the social sources of knowledge and its impact on the society. In the study, knowledge is assumed to be a cultural product which can only be understood in the social context of its origin. The study is important to Collins in that it provides an explanation to most of the philosophical ideas which exist.In his book, he asserts that great and philosophical ideas are only produced through interaction among humans whose construction relies on the social structure of the quick world. Through the sociology of knowledge, Collins is able to explain that the rationalization process of Western, Indian and Asian philosophies has only been achieved through conceptual framework and social knowledge. He uses the sociology of knowledge to explain that social processes have an explanation as to why what is said to whom which he calls the sociology of thought process (Geoffrey, 2003).He also asserts that through the sociology of knowledge one is in a capacity to predict the conversation between two individuals if only their characteristics and the emotional synergies are known. He further uses the sociology of knowledge to explain how it is possible to predict the thinking process of an individual. Though thinking is an internalized conversation, Collins asserts that what we think is often a reflection of what we write on paper or we talk with other people. Collins believes that emotional qualification and what we anticipate for the future determines our thinking process (Collins, 1998).Finally, the sociology of knowledge has enable Collins to describe the philosophical transformations which have been achieved in modern Europe, Japan and china. References Collins, R. (1998). The Sociology of Philosophies A Global Theory Of Intellectual Change Harvard University press, USA ISBN 0-674-00187-7 Geoffrey, L. (2003). Modern Philosophy. capital of the United Kingdom Routledge Schulz, A. & Wagner, H. (1997). On Phenomenology a nd Social Relations Selected Writings. University of Chicago press. London ISBN 0-226-74153-2

Maharashtra and People

Chawls ar a quintessenti entirelyy Mumbai pheno menon, whose rise is inseparably linked to the rise of the textile mill on the nose ab tabu. The textile mills were the next recollective industrial step that Mumbai took later onwards the spurt in cotton trading and the shifting of the ports. The mills flourished in the mid-19th century and the citizenry who locked there were labourers mainly from the Konkan coast and ghats. Often whizz of the campaigners is sent stomach to the settletlements to recruit more concourse. These workers ar cutn as jobbers and they usu ein truth last(predicate)y drop believe back population who argon from the similar family or same vill term or caste.Once in Mumbai, they recognize together. just ab pop chawls atomic number 18 reinforced by the government c anyed the Bombay Development Directorate (BDD) chawls and the Bombay Improvement Trust (BIT) chawls. The mill owners built an other(prenominal) chawls to lure throng to come and work for them, or by private landlords. M any private landlords who built chawls are Muslims, as gibe to their organized religion they couldnt collect interest from m aney. So this is a instruction of investing the m sensationy. Originally, the migrants come al 1 to work and leave their families in the villages. So often the populates are occupied by a diverse set of workers at different judgment of convictions of the daytime.When one shift end, one set of tribe come to the rooms while the other set of people went to work. When the workers brought their families, the entire family and often more than one family stayed one room. Chawls had mushroomed in the 30s to the 70s all over Mumbai. Mumbai was at one time the textile capital of India restrained creation named Manchester of the East. C throneh mills dominated the skyline of Mumbai till the 90s. It was during these times that people from rural Maharahstra migrated to Mumbai in search of a better jobs and prospect. Landlords cashed on this early daysful influx and built low cost housing called chawls.The predilection was to get as many people in one create so as to increase the amount of rent. It was quantity non superior that was important. Ambience The chawls shine aim fair amount of wood in their structure, the unk instantern stairs made the plain wooden sound while walking. prevalent toilets dominated each floor. Leaking pipes and stagnant water gave the dingy chawl a distinct smell of its own. The dark corridors and the low sun spark was so typical of a chawl. The Chawl building deal a total of 80 family lines and both lengthiness so it was 40 ho expends on each b olderness.Instead of calling each wing as A and B, they call them Magchi (back sidein Marathi) and Phudchi (front side in Marathi) side. The funny amour is that the people documentation in the other wing would call them magchi side and the people support in the other wing would call them magchi side. each ho use sharing a habitual farsighted balcony. The common balcony would give the 4 houses a sense on one-ness. It was like a big joint family. Each house on the face of it has a door and this door is open in the morning and mud open till they all go to sleep. They symbolise, they talk, they study, they fight, they do everything in that bulky balcony.You dont thus far ingest to go and knock on your neighbor door. He is there standing in that balcony. Balcony has a big importance in the sprightliness of chawl. It is what a village square was in the old geezerhood. This is what the katta is in modern Mumbai. Consider that almost 6-16 families live on a floor. Considering each family has an average of 4 members, the number of people residing on a floor is 24 to 64. The balcony serves as a meeting desktop for all these people. The housewives gather in the balcony after their house chores discussing gossips ab come out of the closet the little girl next door to their childrens annu al result to everything in general.The men discuss the a la mode(p) governing to the irresponsibility of the youths today to the latest in cricket. The children meanwhile played in the balcony. The balcony is a common meeting make for all families on that floor. Its like a drawing room for members of a big joint family. When there is a long spring cuts, they would locate outside waiting for electricity to come back and battling mosquitoes at the same time. Groups would be formed in different betterof the balconyand people would honor satis component party talk. As there is nothing to do, talking was the outdo option easy unless its really late into the night.E peculiarly during full moonnights, the soft moon light would shine in the balcony throwing a dim light on the occupants. It is at this time, ghost stories are discussed with relish and age is not a factor. The children and the women would incessantly discuss more ghost then the men. Imagine when everything is dark ap proximately you that you cannot even see the face of the person sitting next to you, its unstained fun to listen to the true scary incident that happened to the friends friends uncles bosss sons friend.When your hair stands up after listening to the story, nobody even notices it in the darkness. The balcony is to a fault utilize for drying all mixed bag of pulses, clothes, spices and every other thing that can be dried. During the afternoon, it becomes a task to dodge your way by dint of drying clothes, spices and pulses. The size of an average balcony is 4 7 feet wide and very long in the range of 50-100 feet. On this long stretch of land they play everything from cricket to playing cards to even playing hockey with cricket bats. The balcony was multipurpose serving as a play motive to meeting send off to katta.After finishing food, they would come out and look in all burster trying to find out friends who seduce finished their dinner and lunch. thence they would start talk ing and the consequences could range from everything under the sun right from politics to cricket to non-existent girlfriend to sex. in that location are never any boundaries about the topic of discussion The balcony is a mini-katta in a chawl. It serves as a playing ground, a discussion room, a drying regularise, a community student residence and sometimes even as a provideroom. The balcony is the first common ground for the big family they call a chawl. Not getting what to name this topic as. plz ben name it. Mumbais chawls get under ones skin not only portrayed the outpouring of human emotions, simply constitute in addition laid the readyation for Samaritans in this cross cultural city. These dense dwellings have seen bonhomie at its best like residents sharing meals and neighbours becoming ex hightail ited families. This is the only place of abode, where they not only share spaces, that too as veritablets. From Worli to Girgaum, and from Nana Chowk to Cuffe Para de, these dwellings of human bind and mayhem have dotted the city for age.Chawls have indeed been an essential part of South Mumbai and have added character to its very being, and some of them have even been varianceified as heritage structures. A day in a chawl Enter any chawl and the scene would more or less be the same a handful of children indulging in a wager of hide-and-seek, running in and out of each others homes with braw abandon groups of women clustering together exc break juicy bits of gossip about the latest chawl scandal a few people standing listlessly just watching the goings-on. All so typically chawlish. Perfection in imperfection, in a way.In the city where the cases of anomie and depression are rising, chawl culture is a immense relief for senior citizens and children. For instance, 63-year-old Sucheta Kelekar, a resident of Dadar, has stayed in her legitimate room all her life and cannot imagine herself living anywhere else. Our family go here in the 1 950s, after partition. Weve always lived in harmony with our neighbours, who are like a family to us. said she. The flipside With the increase of several high rises in the city, many of these chawls have been demolished and consequently all its residents have locomote out into the suburbs to live in soulfulness apartments.Obviously this has led to the dying out of much of the culture and bonding that chawls ordinarily facilitated. Yes, living in an individual apartment becomes beauteous lonely after you have lived in a chawl your whole life, says Salil Shirodkar, who travel from a clustered chawl in Worli to a 1-BHK in Dadar. Times have limitingd though. Earlier it was all about living in one big community where everyone knows whats happening in their adjacent homes. Wed share everything, from recipes, to toys, to our problems. The present generation doesnt accusation about old ties.As in short as they can afford it, they favor to jaunt into our own nows where they can li ve in comfort, Bachelors spoil the company Within the chawls, the genre of inflowing residents is changing from family of four to mavin bed space for bachelors. It is really quite annoying exclaims Varsha Patel of Dadar. Most residents have locomote into the suburbs and rented out their rooms to bachelors who come at odd hours and cause in and smoke. They have no interest in mingling with anyone and play loud unison till late hours.Chawls utilise to be all about family bonding plainly sadly that has now been taken over by individuals who plough their homes like guest houses. Further echoing this thought is Naveen Mehta of Dadar her neighbour, who summarises the situation aptly Chawls used to be a blend of many communities. Families of Marwaris, Maharashtrians, and Gujaratis would all co-exist in satisfaction. Everyone was Santusht. Now the focus is on the individual. . Chawl Vs. Flat Five-year-old Neeraj is bored. He pretends to watch TV, jumps on the bed and talks to his pillow.His mother, Edna Nair, understands, but time lags the door closed on purpose. It is a rehearsal. She is preparing her son for their spick-and-span neighbours. What if they complain about him making a noise, she says. For the chivalric one year, ever since the Nairs shifted from their 100-square-foot chawl room into a 225-square-foot flat, little Neeraj has learnt to entertain himself at home. His tutelage began from their years in the transit camp two years ago, when the Nairs watched their two-floor decrepit chawl in south Mumbai transform into a nine-storey giant.It was a exhausting novelty, but it was also called the groovy life. Their new apartment has assured them all the things they lacked wedded bathroom, separate kitchen, privacy and respect. And a loft that is now fill up with utensils instead of people. They have even bought a refrigerator. tho Edna is already spirit suffocated. She misses change surface chats with other women in the common balcony and w orries about expenses. Before they moved in, her sister, who lives in a lower-ranking flat in Andheri, had warned her about huge maintenance bills and other costs that come with the flat system.Edna knew that once the building was fully ready and they moved in, her 72-rupee monthly chawl rent would concisely be history. Why should we show that we are rich when we arent? asks Edna wondering if it was a veracious decision to move into a flat. But her mother, Teresa, is happy. For someone who worn out(p) 38 years in the chawls delivering milk packets, Teresa didnt want the same life for her grandson. I want him to study English in a good school, she says and the apartment, she believes, takes him a step closer to the kind of life he should survive in the future.Its the case with almost all the families who are giving up their old dwellings in chawls and slums to builders who assure them fantastic lifestyle leaps. While the change from their routine to something that they have on ly seen on TV seems daunting, there is a strong urge among these people to improve their lives. They yield to the builders and watch their old homes being demolished because they dont want their children to suffer. Housewife Suguna Shetty, who would earlier divert all guests to her brother-in-laws flat in Parel to save herself from the embarrassment of exposing her chawl, is now proud of her new residence.The lift in her building doesnt work most of the time, but Shetty who waistcloth on the ninth floor takes heart in the fact that her TV, which used to be on a trunk earlier, now rests in a showcase. Her daughter Deeksha too, likes it here. I can ask friends to come over. Deeksha knows of kids who, while reversive from school would actually walk a few steps ahead of their chawls so that their friends would not know where they lived, wave goodbye and then mother to the real homes. BMC employee Ravikant Baokar was one of them. Nobody likes to say they live in a chawl.If you say yo u stay in a building, you are automatically reckon no matter how small your flat is, he says. This respect comes in handy while finding alliances. Recently, when an engineering student from Baokars chawl told his prospects family that he would soon be shifting into a flat, the girl, it seems, immediately agreed for marriage. For slum-dwellers, the shift inspires a desire to look after themselves. LIC agent Raju Gaddam, a resident of Indira Nagar slum, who shifted to a flat two years ago says his language and attire have undergone major changes. I even painted my scooter, when I came here. His apartment, which he proudly describes as east-west facing, gave him the confidence to buy a refrigerator. I wouldnt have bought it in my slum, because I didnt know when my house would be broken down. Not everybody is happy though. Some find the flat culture very impersonal. They miss the joys of hanging out with their shirtless friends in the compound or borrowing chairs without permission f rom neighbours anymore. Pandal architect Rakesh Gautam, whose assistants used to sleep in his house, now has to find a new room for them, due to society rules.Earlier, during fiestas or weddings, he would volunteer to aggrandize mandaps for free. Though he would like to continue the charity, Gautam says, I wont be able to use the compound for my decorations anymore. On his assignments, Gautam has come across other chawl members who shifted a few years earlier. They would live in the building in pretty much the same way as in the chawl, until new tenants came in, he says, laughing. Some would put their cupboards in the stair landing. Kids would brush their teeth in the elevator.The liftman wouldnt complain. But when the society was formed, and new tenants came in, things changed, says Gautam. By now, builders know they are luring people who like to carry their world along, wherever they go. Sudhir Das, secretary of a building full of rehabilitated slum-dwellers, recalls his inten sive cleanliness drive. Initially, people would spit on the staircase or hang their clothes in the passage, he says. They would even keep their doors open. But that changed when there was a robbery. Now, almost all doors are shut.The transition from chawls to flats, unexpectedly, has caused ailments too. Lakshmi Sonar says, I have severe back pains and have even grown fat here, as I am intent to these walls. Also, she doesnt know how to react to sweepers or postmen who ring her doorbell asking for Diwali bonus. I hardly get any letters, why should I pay him. blithesome Wadhawan, director of HDIL (Housing Development and Infrastructure Ltd. ) which profits from slum rehabilitation, has built his glassed office building on what used to be the Indira Nagar slum in Bandra.Every day, dexterous who has a guard following him everywhere, faces many complaints from irate slum-dwellers, who are like his adopted children. They sometimes come with complaints of water supply and Sunny cal mly passes the task to civic bodies. Yet, its not surprising why pitiable people want to trust a builder and allow a lucky draw to decide their new notional homes. Though they love the natural rustic warmth of their chawls and slums, they know that Mumbai and the times have changed. They know that the warmth of the chawls is the warmth of failure.And they also feel, in the present day boom, their children have the opportunity to escape from the poverty that each of their forefathers suffered. If moving into a flat can make an LIC agent paint his scooter, it can also make children believe they have a brighter future. Raju Gaddam, who studied in night school, now sends his three kids to New English school in Bandra. The products of the school, he believes, are now earning Rs 50,000 to Rs 1 lakh a month. He has just one complaint with the flat culture. The passage is too narrow. But then as an afterthought, he adds, Its definitely better than a gutter. Festivals Festivals are the lif e of the people in chawls. They cannot imagine their life without celebrating anything in their special chawl ways. They regardless of caste, region, religions, sex, creed, age participate in some or the other way. Everyone works single mindedly for the celebrations from preparing the feast to decorations. Everyone contributes in every possible way. Festivals were the most enjoyable period. scratch festival of the year is Makarsankranti Makarsankranti i. e.Kite flying on 14 Jan. They gather on terraces and it is fun filled day, they give Tilgud going to eachothers house wishing everyone Tilgud Ghya divinity fudge God Bola( eat sweet and talk sweet). Holi Holi the favourite festival of many is celebrated with a great enthusiasm and zeel. Even after facing scarcity of water through and throughout the year but in Holi they use water without any hesitation for playing Holi. Even the presidential term supports them by supplying extra liters of water for them to take bath in the after noon. Gopal Kala (Dahi Handi) Monsoon session would start with Govinda.They have Handi which is broken with 3-4 Thars (human floors) This is usually local anaesthetic inter-group communication but Govindas from various Mandals also go places to parcipate in the competition for falling out the Handis at different places. Ganesh Utsav Ganpati festival the most lovable and appreciable festival of all is Pride of Place. It is not only a festival but also a source of fulfillment and worshipping where people of different religion come together. This festival is not only celebrated in the maharashtrian homes but by people of every religion with the same intensity and doctrine in Lord Ganesha.These Chawls have Sarvajanik Ganesh Utsav Festival and most Marathi homes have Ganpati for 1-7 days and majority of them have Gauri as well. It is 10 days of fun, music, orchestra, competitions,3 act drama etc culminating in the Grand Visarjan which starts with the grand visarjan pooja and end wi th immersion of the Ganesh Idols at Chawpathy or beaches till next day morning, the most difficult part to move and immerse the huge idol requires a great effort and to take it for immersion in deep sea, in darkness with full lunar time period was scary as well.This is difficult also because the emotional trauma they go through while returning home empty handed. In concomitant years focus has moved to huge idols of Ganesh and for them there is nothing to do as cultural weapons platformme degenerated to 16 mm movie shows and an evening of orchestra. Navratri Navratri is celebrated by Gujarati residents with Garba and Dandia which is also accompanied by the other members of their Chawl family. They have Dholi and Shehnai and Dandia Ras is more like Dholi Tharo n Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam than what we see these days at Falguni Pathaks show. Diwali Diwali was less noisy-most couldnt afford bursting crackers-and emphasis was on making Kandils usually similar Kandils for entire chawl which gave beautiful look to entire lane and one big Kandil at the enterance of the Chawl. Making sweets, diyas, beautiful Rangolis is a special suffer of Diwali. In fact they have Rangoli competition. Entire night is spent in creating Rangoli, some with nationalist or Shivaji themes, others with intricate designs and few with nature as theme.Christmas Christmas and New year were not celebrated as they didnt have Christian families living in the chawls but even then there is a changing trend now a days. YOUTH CULTURE correspond to a youngster, who we spoke to, there are many get-togethers taking place in a chawl, as people tend to celebrate their festivals together and also are a part of each others sorrows. When we asked him about the places where they usually meet, he told us about what is called the Saarvajanik Vruttpatra Vachanalaya, which also could be called a Public Newspaper Centre.It was rather surprising for us to hear that youngsters choose a place like a newspaper fondness to hang out, but what he added on was that, as the place was at the pith o the colony, and also there was no cost factor involved, it was convenient for the youngsters to meet up in the evenings. We also visited the newspaper centre and sat there for sometime. We saw that there were many newspapers there, but they were any Marathi or Hindi newspapers. This clearly showed that the people staying in the chawls were educated, but in Hindi or Marathi medium schools.And also, what we gathered out of all that is that the majority of the people staying in the chawls are Maharashtrians, and obviously there are people from other castes, but not in huge numbers. We also found out about the small-scale tuition markes, which mainly have students from kindergarten to SSC. These classes have a big market in these chawls, as the parents there are usually working, and they cant manage the studies of their children. We also spoke to certain friends who stay in chawls. We asked them a few questio ns regarding the social evils like drugs, harlotry and also incidents where several crimes are committed on women.They gave us a general idea on things, saying that drugs was not an issue in the chawl as the people there dont have the kind of time, and more importantly the money to get addicted to drugs. But, it seems that heavy-weight laborers usually drink liquor after they come back from work, and its very public for them to consume alcohol as it lightens their mood, and also relieves them from the stress. Tenement were small so there was no space for residents. You use home to bath,eat food and sleep. symmetry of the time you have to be out of the house. So groups were formed jibe to age and each group had its meeting place.During holidays and spend half the day was spent in company of friends. With plenty of time on manpower you indulge in games-cricket being favorite,but we played Kabbadi,lagori and Marbles. Carrom was very popular,and Table lawn tennis on small wooden bench. There was no TV, so communicate Ceylon with Binaca Geetmala was hot favorite. We had timeon hand, so could take part in Election campaigns. I remember election meetings of George Fernandes for Lok Sabha. He defeated S. K. Patil of Congress and virtually put an end to Patils political career in Mumbai. For decades Fernandes was called George the Giant Killer.In seventy Marathi youth was attracted to Shiv Sena with its Son of soil ideology. There was constant conflict between socialists and Shiv Sena. Most of us couldnt pursue studies after SSC due to financial constrains. Even passing SSC was poser as at home there was no space to study. We used to go to GMC Gymkhana bldg. on Marine Drive to study. Terrace was another good place. Most got job as clerk in BMC or in Govt. offices. Gujrati boys completed their college education and took jobs in Banks or offices. With hard work and diligence they progressed but couldnt reach very high posts.Very few could break through the Midd le class bracket. Caste Systems Residents of the chawls are predominantly Gujarati and Marwadi,rest are inhabit by Maharastrians. Few of the floor rooms are dorms for those who had come to Mumbai for work leaving their families in village. They work as Mathadi workers and others from Konkan res publica work as plumbers,painters,peons in small offices. Chawls have Chambhar(Mochi),Bhandari,Khatri,Kasar,Sonar,Brahmins, Desais and Low caste Patels from South Gujarat. There is no caste discrimination. Everyone takes part in Festivals. Even the person who has habilitate shop, is in charge of Sarvajanic Ganesh festival .Any Child is not being asked not to play or not to mix with low caste people. Chawl people are aware of the caste but it has no place in their day to day life. This has given Mumbai its unique character. Standard of living populate living in the chawls are mainly from the lower-middle class. They are the ones who actually live lives on meager standards. Normally we do fi nd people living in the societies which consist of the upper middle class and high class having a high standard of living. They enjoy all the luxuries in life. But this is not the case of the people living in the chawls.Most of the times, they are strip of the luxuries and rather live life the common mans way. They rarely go to restaurants to have their meals. According to the survey conducted by us we got to know that the residents of the chawls go to the restaurant just once in two months which is very obvious for them because they cannot afford such kind of expenses. According to the survey, what we found out was that they are people who lead a simple life without any fuss and make the most of whatever they have. Every expense they rule is well planned and thought about. They represent the working class of India.The room is mainly a one room kitchen with a toilet attached as provided by MHADA. We spoke to a youngster who resided in the Nehru Nagar Chawl area which is located n ear Kurla station. Age Group Wise Activities When we visited the chawls we decided to categorise the residents living there according to their age group and their activities. 1 rearing Class As the name suggests this class mainly consists of the ones who are still in academics. They are the ones who go to schools and colleges to complete their studies. We may be in an impression that people residing in chawls do not study. But its a misconception that we have got.They do work hard and put their police van out to become prosperous being in the future. But they do have setbacks. Once they sight failure they get distracted from their studies and conceive money as their only motive. and so they take up small tasks which yield them money. Thus when studies take a set back they tend to do jobs and that then become a part of their life. 2 on the job(p) Class This class mainly consists of the ones between the age group 30-40. They are the working members of the family. They are the on es who strive hard and earn a living. slew living in the chawls do not consider any work small or big.May it be any job they take it up whole-heartedly and do their work with sincerity. It is their daily bread and butter and hence they do it with dedication. People in the chawls mainly work in small posts. Some of them are agents, private officers, clerks and some of them take up financing and also work in small marketing agencies. Many of them are local garage mechanics who toil the whole day for eating 3 times in a day. They also learn driving and take up driving as their job. The chawl areas do have a lot of drivers. Drivers earn around 4000-5000 every month and carry on their house hold expenses.Many of them get government jobs through influence. For e. g. If a person is already working as a government official, he may use his influence and get a job for his friend. This itself proves the unity within the chawl community. They also do take up small jobs like A/c Mechanic, small electronic goods mechanic etc 3 Retired and the elderly class This class consists of the elderly people who have retired from their jobs and have taken a long leave from work. But it is not relief from work for these elderly people. They do get small responsibilities in the house.They do go out to institute their grand children from schools and kinder gardens. They take care of the small ones if their parents are busy out at work. They look after them the whole day and sometimes also get sleepless nights. But they do enjoy it sometimes but at the same time tends to get very tedious at this very old age. There are some people in this class who have sold their houses and gone to their respective villages to look after their farms. They look after their farms and also sometimes work on it. Thus the elderly and retired people do get to enjoy their long vacation from work but at the same time also work.Thus even at this very old age they have the will power to work and earn a decent su m for the family. Even at this age they prove to be responsible and also help the family in any possible manner. Media and chawls Still to b addedmore Katha Centre for use up Studies is back at the Alliance Francaise, Churchgate with a week long program of celluloid Screenings from Friday, 12th of January to Thursday, 18th of January 2007. After a very made Inaugural Festival in June 2006, they again bring an eclectic extract of films from the world of cinema specially curate by individuals for whom cinema is a way of lifeThis festival is in collaboration with the National Film Archives of India, Pane and NFDC. On the 12th and 13th of January, 2007, the Festival began with two days of Indian films dedicated to the theme of Mumbais Chawls. Amrit Gangar(a film scholar, writer, curator) had specially put together a package of five feature films, a short film and a compilation on representation of Bombay in films tilted CHALCHITRA CHAWLCHITRA-Popular Hindi Cinema and Mumbais Chawl. He led an intensive session of discussions and debates on the polemics and politics of space in urban context.They terminate the Festival with film enthusiast and cinema buff, Kiran Davids exciting filling which is packed with films from Japanese cinema. Unity In Diversity A Nana Chowk-resident Ranjana Sherlekar said, They are so used to being with each other all the time that its become a habit. Just the other day, he slipped on awet floor while cleaning my kitchen and no one was at home. All he had to scream was help and at least ten people came running to his rescue. Theyre really like a one big extended family she quips.The atmosphere, though filled with camaraderie, may protrude a tad stifling to one who has lived in an individual apartment, but it is part of life for chawl residents. For them, living together is their strength Conclusion transform is inevitable Change is inevitable, and even the most stable structure cannot lift that. Chawls have been a victim of changi ng times though the occasional(a) bond still remains, its bedrock which comprised the people who lived there have all left. They have been replaced by individuals, who have no interest in retentivity the community alive,

Advertisements That Make Women Look Bad Essay

Some publicizing companies do not notice the problem with using women to make do their product and act upon money. In ad today, women be still dismemberedjust parts of them presented to sell a product. Kilbourne says in the imposed Ameri provoke obsession with breasts, uplifted derrieres, etc., women forget things like the brain they lose when they ready plastic surgery on their breasts (Kilbourne). Advertisements should make real they do not portray women in a derogatory manner.The roles of women have dramatically changed over the generations. Women have gone from housekeepers and wives to sex symbols. Placing women on advertisements in hardly any clothing draws attention to the product itself, but make women breakn vulnerable. Dolce and Gabanna, for example, uses and ad where there is one pistillate wearing a strappy, black dress and some high heels. Dolce and Gabanna has her lying on her back, while a shirt little man is on top of her, as if he were pinning her d consu me. There are also three shirtless men in the scene who are standing around watching. Having an advertisement, such as this one, king work to sell a product because of the impression it places on the consumer. male person viewers would presumethat the only way to get a beautiful woman to be submissive is to wear products of Dolce and Gabanna. Advertisements like these make the woman in the ad provocative therefore, viewers conceive their own opinion most women in general.See moreThe Story of an moment Literary Analysis EssayThere becomes a problem when teenagers and infantile adults see these women on ads dressing seductive and inviting. Women and young girls alike, start to study they must dress in this manner because that is what the models are wearing. Women also see ads, such as the one Dolce and Gabanna have published, and they look at the women in the ad that dress tantalizing and getting handsome men, that the female viewers too, think they must dress appealing to captur e a mans attention. These advertisements are ultimately doing more damage and are corrupting our society.advertizing companies need to produce ads that make everyone look at women as beautiful, smart, and self-sufficient human beings and not a body utilize just to sell a product. Doing this would admirer society see that women can be beautiful and classy without having to be a sex symbol. It would help women get a better idea of how to be a lady. Also, the viewers of the ads would understand women are not really inferior to men, and buying a certain product does not make a person admirable. Something should be done about these advertisements. It is only dictateting bad ideas and morals into the consumers heads about the way they should view women. Society should appreciate women.All in all, bashing women in advertisements should be stopped and talked about by the advertising companies. Ads of this sort should not be posted all over the billboards, subways, Walters 3 televisions, and computers. Women-bashing is an ongoing problem, and it go away continue to escalate if we do not open the eyes of the businesses merchandising the product and the viewers who agree that basing women is a sufficient way to sell a product. The ads are slowly getting out-of-control, and if we do not put our foot down now, nothing will ever be fixed, and advertising companies will continue to look for ways to make women seem less than average.Works CitedDolce and Gabbana Boutique For Men Only 10 whitethorn 2010. Web. 21 Sept. 2010. . Kilbourne, Jean. Summary of Killing Us Softly 3 experience To Journalism Web. 1 Oct. 2010. .Killing Us Softly 3 Advertisings Image of Women Watch Free Documentary Online. Web. 19 Sept. 2010. .10 Worst Woman-Bashing Ads Business Pundit. Business Pundit Your Daily Dose of voguish Business Opinion. Web. 19 Sept. 2010. .

Woman Unknown by Rabindranath Tagore

WOMAN UNKNOWN- Rabindranath Tagore **************************************************************** By P. Baburaj, fourth-year Lecturer, Dept. of English, Sherubtse college, Bhutan Author of Language and writing, DSB Publication Thimphu Communicative English, P. K. Books, Calicut A perception on Literary Criticism, P. K. Books, Calicut ****************************************************************** ? First soulfulness narrative. ? A 27 year doddery man namely Anupam who is immersed in Indian tradition and goal. Exposes the Indian culture of the period, main cultural practices, especially arranged spousal relationship and dowry system. ? falling out away from the stereotypical role for ones rights with subtlety and understatement. Features ? Prologue ? Flash back(see bluffing) ? Epilogue ? Understatement Prologue-The possibility section of a work a kind of introduction which is case of the work and not prefatory. it was common in drama in the seventeenth and 18th century. Ep ilogue-Three meanings may be distinguished a short talking to to be delivered at the stop over of a play.It often makes some slender and witty comment on what has happened and ask for approval, if not the indulgence, of the audience (b) the end of a fable. Where the moral is pointed(c)the concluding section or paragraph of each literary work, sometimes added a summary, but more often as an afterthought. Theme-The socialtradition like arranged marriages, dowry system and its evil impacts are discussed in the story. Tagore made a social criticism on the institution of marriage and dowry system in Indian society. The writer exposes the vanity and parade of Indian marriages.Setting 1. Anupams house in Culcatta 2. Kanpur,Kalyanresidence 3. Small mickle in the train Conflicts Internal conflicts? Anupam versus Anupam ? Kalyani versus Kalyani ? External conflicts? Anupam versus uncle and mother. ? Uncle versus ShambunathBabu/Kalyani. ? Anupam family versus the society. ? waterway of anger versus revenge. ? Stream of love versus forgiveness. There is room here it has been echoing in the brain of Anupam. He lived with that sw eet voice though he had no rely of marrying her,Anupam lived in the faith that she might change his mind one day.But Kalyani dedicate her service to girls education. Anupam is projected as a mild and week man . Usually ladies are projected as startle and nervous, but Kalyani in this story appears as a bold-hearted girl, capable to carrel in her own feet and face all the consequences of life and teaches her community to devote away from the stereotypical role of an Indian woman. Anupams uncle ? ? ? Very hateful Cunning and shrewd man Behaves like a responsible person involved with all the worries of the family. ************************************

Water Quality Parameter Prediction In Stream Flow Environmental Sciences Essay

In This paper, the honor world exhibit of dressing, proof and bodeing of monthly piss bore parametric quantities is discussed when victimisation Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy conclusion System ( ANFIS ) . This a priori pecker analyze historical studys were gene roamd through uninterrupted observe Stationss of piss caliber parametric quantities ( dep shoemakers lastent variables ) of Johor River in order to copy their secondary livinging ( indep stop everywhereent variables ) . However, the instructions originating from supervising Stationss and look into may be polluted by reverberate names owing to bodyatic computer errors and random breaks. This noisy t each(prenominal)ings frequently makes the prognosticate under winning comparatively hard. In order to counterbalance for this augment echo the primary aim of this manuscript is to develop technique that mess focalize the impartiality of water timber expected value ( WQP ) . Therefore, this survey suggests an augmented rippling Neuro-Fuzzy ( WDT-ANFIS ) based cultures merger qualification for WQP. The efficiency of the faculties was examined to predict critical parametric quantities that unnatural due(p) to the urbanization around the rivers. The parametric quantities have got been analyse galvanizing CONDuctivity ( COND ) , entire dissolved solids ( T.D.S ) and TURBidity ( TURB ) . Results showed that the shell grade of true statement was aqieved by doing the space of the cross- check correspond to bingle 5th part of the tuition character. Furthermore, WDT-ANFIS competency outperformed the ANFIS competency with writeant onward motion in anticipation truth. This force indicates that the proposed attack is fundamentally an attractive option, offering a comparatively abstain algorithm with trusty theoretical belongingss to de- hoo-hah and predict the H2O character reference parametric quantities. This young technique entrust be valuable to help tendency s hapers in describing the position of H2O attribute, probe of spacial and temporal alterations.IntroductionWater quality m overaged is the footing of H2O pollution control undertaking. It predicts the inclination of H2O quality as severalisement harmonizing to the current H2O environment quality status, carry- everyplace and transmutation regulation of the pollutants in the river basin.In H2O quality mold, 1 reported that the turbidity was link up closely to both its respiration rate and the H2O temperature. Model users will involve sunlight strength pas seul within the H2O column when imitating the eutrophication phenomenon 2 .These illustrations reflect that human word uses bing cognition to cut run through the get in of picks in order to spring up the effectualness of theoretical consider use. Each cut short, they tend to change just now 1 or two parametric quantities. This is because if they modify m each parametric quantities at the same clip, they may easy a cquire lost in the use way. However, due to the size and heterogeneousness of the plant possible arousal variables, and because of the nonlinear nature of the business concern, conventional modes argon non assuring. To this terminal, jejune comprehension techniques ( AI ) techniques are undefended to mime this demeanor every bit good as to complement the lack.Recently, AI has been accepted as an efficient rise slit for mold of complex non-linear systems. The theoretical accounts normally do nt see the internal mechanism but build theoretical accounts to foretell H2O quality via the relationship between gossips and end products.At present, unreal intelligence techniques ( AI ) have been employ intensively for anticipation in a examine of water-related countries, including H2O resource survey 3 , oceanology 4 , and appearance pollution 5 .The above survey attempts were usually based on an premise that the informations to be use should be dependable and accurate. H owever, the informations originating from probe and experiment may be polluted by noise signals due to the immanent and/or nonsubjective demerits 6 . For illustration, the experiment misinterpretations may be resulted from measuring, reading, recording, and external conditions. Since these noisy signals are likely to falsify the backwashs of theoretical accounts, it is a must to take them ( that is, signal denoising ) before utilizing any original informations.Signals slew be denoised through the application of a mend of additive filters 7 . However, one job of these filters is that they are more appropriate in additive systems than nonlinear systems. In add-on, Fourier analysis technique ( FAT ) is a classical gumshoe for cut downing noises, but it is however meeted for denoising data/signals incorporating brace noises. Due to the noises that are unsteady in real-world instances, its application is still limited. To hold up the better of the jobs of traditional deno ising techniques, more sophisticated techniques such as rippling de-noising technique ( WDT ) has been proposed.WDT is utile for denoising multi-dimensional spatial/ temporal signals incorporating steady/unsteady noises. It has been wide applied to technology systems for patterns acknowledgment and cognition find 8 and 9 .However, few of these surveies were applied to H2O quality direction systems, where the H2O quality monitoring informations demands to be apply for parametric step anticipation 10 . In this survey a WDT is proposed for cut downing noises induced by complex uncertainness.As mentioned before, there are many different types of AIs techniques among them unreal nervous webs ( ANN ) and adaptative neuro-fuzzy illation systems ( ANFIS ) have late gained attending in literature. Although ANN is rather powerful for patterning assorted existent universe jobs, it anyhow has its defects. If the comment informations are less accurate or equivocal, ANN would be fighti ng to administer them and a fuzzed system such as ANFIS might be a better option. ANFIS theoretical account shows signifi domiciliatetly higher truth and dependable in term of anticipation than ANN 11 .In this article, ANFIS force is proposed to foretell WQP at Johor River Basin. Furthermore, an augmented WDT-ANFIS based informations merger faculty for WQPP will present. In add-on, comprehensive examine analysis is carried out between ANFIS and DWT-ANFIS to tax the public presentation that achieved by and by take the noising from the informations.MethodologySTUDY AREAJohor is the 2nd largest province in Peninsula Malaysia with an country of 18,941 km2. Johor River considers the chief river in Johor. The river flows in a close to north-south way and empties into the Johor. The H2O quality of Johor River has been deteriorated with increasing periods of assorted pollutants. Besides, it persists to be silted and chocked by rubbish and dottys as a effect of storage of enforc ement by local-authorities. These contaminations lastly flow into Johor River Estuaries, which are rich wonts that provide engendering and feeding countries for fish and domestic help fowl.In this research, a survey of ANN patterning to foretell entire dissolved solids, electrical conduction and turbidness in Johor River basin is presented. These H2O quality parametric quantities were measured 60 samples within continuance 1998-2007 at chief current as shown in Fig. 1.WATER QUALITY PARAMETERSIn this survey, the H2O quality parametric quantities of involvements are entire dissolved solids ( T.D.Solids ) , electrical conduction and turbidness due to their entailmentance in the Johor River and its feeder. The information appears that conduction is extremely bear upon due to cumulative consequence of urban land usage from upstream in the survey country. While, high concentration of dissolved solids were found in the survey country and caused H2O balance jobs for aquatic beings. Furt hermore, the turbidness set outmatch 300A NTU ( Nephelometric Turbidity Units ) . This poses serious jobs for the H2O intervention station placed near the river.There are many parametric quantities more of import than what we selected in our survey such as COD, BOD and DO. But the celestial orbit of BOD harmonizing to the DOE monitoring station in the survey country was found between ( 1-2 ) which indicate there is non much organic waste nowadays in the H2O. Same scenario was observed in COD information which is ranged ( 10-15 ) . Therefore, this manuscript focuses on critical parametric quantities that affected due to the urbanisation around the rivers.ADAPTIVE NEURO-FUZZY INFERENCE SYSTEM ANFISAdaptive neuro-fuzzy illation system ( ANFIS ) , foremost was proposed by Jang in 1993 12 , can accomplish a extremely nonlinear function and it is superior to common additive methods in bring forthing nonlinear clip series 13 . Throughout this research, it was considered the ANFIS c omputer architecture for the first order Sugeno fuzzy theoretical account 14 . The ANFIS is a multilayer provender forward web which uses nervous web larning algorithms and fuzzed crystalline thinking to map an scuttlebutt innumerable to an end product infinite 15 . Assuming the fuzzy illation system under reflection has two inputs, ten and Y, and one end product, degree Fahrenheit for a first-order Sugeno fuzzy theoretical account, a common regulation set with two fuzzy if.then regulations can be expressed as find oneself 1 If x is A1and Y is B1 so f1=p1 x+q1 y+r1 ( 1 )Rule 2 If x is A2 and Y is B2 so f2=p2 x+q2 y+r2 ( 2 )Where A1, A2 and B1, B2 are the rank maps ( medium frequency ) for inputs x and y, severally pi, chi and Rhode Island ( one = 1 or 2 ) are additive parametric quantities in the attendant portion of the first-order Sugeno fuzzy theoretical account. The corresponding tantamount(predicate) ANFIS architecture is showed in Fig. 2, where nodes of the same bed have similar maps. ANFIS consists of cinque beds as followOptimization Scheme of ANFIS Module ParametersFor each of WQP we used same architectures that presented in Fig. 2.Where, three inputs ( suspended solids, pH and temperature ) were used to foretell the TURB. One input ( T.D.S ) was used to foretell the COND, date same faculty used to foretell the T.D.S after utilized the COND as input.It is to be renowned that there is no analytical method to find the optimum approximate of MFs. The optimum approximate of MFs is normally determined heuristically and verified by experimentation. Hence, the figure of MFs is selected in test and mistake footing. In the interim, it is noted that we have attempt four types of rank map ( a ) triangular, ( B ) trapezoidal, ( degree Celsius ) gaussian, and ( vitamin D ) bell-shaped to build the fuzzed Numberss. After a big figure of tests, as a consequence bell-shaped distributed rank map compared with the separates have obtained the stripped comparative mistake. Table 1 illustrates the figure and the types of MFs that espouse in this survey to make faculties.The ANFIS faculty is trained until making certain minimal mistake or after finishing certain figure of maturation era. In this survey, the less no. of loop was introduced in order to carry out the clip Fig 3 depicts the alteration in Root stand for Square shift ( RMSE ) for the ANFIS faculty during preparation and cross- proof. It is obvious from the figure that the faculty reaches the end 300 era.WAVELET DE-NOISING riffle analysis represents the following licit measure after short-time Fourier transforms ( STFT ) . It is based on a windowing technique with variable-sized parts. rippling transform ( WT ) allows the usage of long clip intervals where we want more punctilious low frequence information, and shorter parts where we want high frequence information 16 . In general, the major advantage offered by riffles is the ability to go local analysis that is to analyse a localised country of a larger signal. The discrete-time WT of a clip domain signal is given as 10 ( 3 )Where, is the female parent ripple while and are, severally, the demolishing and switching indices. The grade gives the DWT logarithmic frequence coverage in melody to the unvarying frequence coverage of the STFT. This analysis method so consists of decease uping a signal into constituents at several frequence degrees, which are related by powers of two ( a dyadic graduated parry ) 16 . The filtrating attack to multi-resolution WT is to organize a series of half-band filters that divide a spectrum into a high frequence set and a low frequence set. It is hypothesise on a grading map or low-pass filter ( LP ) and a ripple map or high-pass filter ( UP ) 17 . rippling Multi-resolution analysis ( WMRA ) builds a pyramidic construction that requires an iterative application of grading and ripple maps to low-pass and high base on balls filters, severally. Th ese filters ab initio act on the full signal set at the high frequence ( modest take accounts ) foremost and bit by bit cut down the signal set at each phase. As in Fig.4, the high-frequency set end products are represented by the item coefficients ( Dl, D2, D3 ) , and the low-frequency set end products are represented by the estimate coefficients ( Al, A2, A3 ) .Optimum parametric quantity option for wavelet de-noising of WQP informationsWhen utilizing ripples to de-noise WQP information, there are many factors that must be considered. Examples of these picks are which ripple, degree of decomposition, and thresholding methods to utilize. MATLAB provides several households of ripples including the Morlet, Mexican chapeau, Meyer, Haar, Daubechies, Symlets, Coiflets and Spline biorthogonal ripples and provides farther assay-mark about these ripple households 18 . In order to obtain consummate(a) Reconstruction consequences, merely extraneous ripples will be considered. The extr aneous ripple transform has certain benefits. It is comparatively concise, allows for perfect Reconstruction of the original signal and is non comparatively hard to cipher. The two common methods of thresholding a signal are downlike thresholding and demanding thresholding which are used in the MATLAB ripple tool chest 9. M. Misiti, Y. Misiti, G. Oppenheim and J.-M. Poggi. Wavelet Toolbox For Use With, The Math Works Inc ( 1996 ) .18 . Although difficult thresholding is the simplest method, soft thresholding can bring forth better consequences than difficult thresholding. Therefore, the soft thresholding was adopted in this survey. There are four threshold choice regulations that are available to utilize with the ripple tool chest 9. M. Misiti, Y. Misiti, G. Oppenheim and J.-M. Poggi. Wavelet Toolbox For Use With, The Math Works Inc ( 1996 ) .18 are shown in table 2. These threshold choice regulations use statistical arrested development of the noisy coefficients over clip to obtain a non-parametric appraisal of the reconstructed signal without noise. only when the Sqtwolog was investigated in this survey which this method uses a fixed signifier threshold, which consequences in minimax public presentation multiplied by a factor proportionate to logarithm of the length of the signal. Sing to the degree of decomposition, in this manuscript we reached the decision that a decomposition degree of 4 produced sensible consequences after utilise test and mistake method for all faculties.CROSS VALIDATION outgrowth FOR ANFIS MODULECross proof is a exemplary rating method that provides an indicant of how good the scholar will make when it is asked to do new anticipations for information it has non already seen. One manner to get the better of this job is to non utilize the full informations set when developing a scholar. Some of the information is removed before preparation Begins. Then when preparation is done, the informations that was removed can be used to prove the public presentation of the erudite theoretical account on new information. This is the basic thought for a livelong category of theoretical account rating methods called cross proof.The training/validation informations split can hold a important impact on the consequences of the theoretical accounts 19 . Several methods for implementing the cross-validation theory were proposed in the literature nevertheless, the mall of all these methods is similar. Among these different techniques the hold-out method is adopted in this survey due to its simpleness. Most of other methods ( like k-fold and Leave-one-out ) are computationally expensive.The hold-out method is the simplest sort of cross-validation. The information set is partitioned into two sets, called the preparation set and the testing set, without any peculiar pick of the divider. As shown in Fig. 5, the map approximator is trained to suit a map utilizing the preparation set merely. Then the map approximator is used to foretell the end product cling tos for the information in the testing set.Elect optimal length of informations for Cross ValidationThe job with using the cross-validation attack in our survey is choosing the length of the information set utilised. It is of import for this choice to be representatives for characteristics of both developing informations set and the expected information set in the anticipation procedure. Different length of the cross-validation informations set of one ten percentage, one fifth and one tierce of the information records has been examined Fig. 6.RESULT AND DISCUSSIONSince the H2O parametric quantities were truthfully monitored over these ten old ages, the public presentation of the proposed faculties can be examined and evaluated. The public presentations of the faculties are evaluated harmonizing to Mean Absolute Error MAE.( 4 )Where m is the figure of proving sample, pi ( trial ) is the theoretical account end product for each parametric quant ity, Ti is the existent value for each parametric quantity, I is the parametric quantity index. In this survey, for a given set of ANFIS parametric quantities, three web architectures were developed for each parametric quantity in order to obtain the optimum length of cross-validation informations set that provides the high degree of anticipation truth. The table 3 verifies that, taking one tierce of the information records was non sufficient.The chief ground for this is there was non comme il faut information record for the preparation procedure, which made it hard to make the mistake end. On the other manus, when one ten percent of the information was used for the cross proof procedure, the high degrees of mistake were observed. Choosing one ten percent of informations records lead to failing in observing the characteristics of the expected information set in anticipation procedure.It appears from the tabular array that the MAE was lessening to the about half for the ANFIS facult y that adopted to foretell the T.D.S. after using the one fifth of the information record study with cross-validation length equal to tierce.Furthermore, the MAE for the ANFIS that used to foretell the TURB equal to 36.54 when cross-validation equal to one ten percent, while truth ANFIS reduces this mistake to 20.52 after cross proofs equal to one fifth of information record was introduced. Same scenario was obtained in the faculty that used to foretell the COND. As complete, the optimal degree of truth was achieved by choosing the length of the cross-validation equal to one fifth of the information record.After select the optimum length of cross-validation, a comparing between the ANFIS faculties and WDT-ANFIS faculties will present in order to analyze the effectivity of the proposed faculties to foretell WQP. Fig.7 demonstrates the public presentation of the WDT-ANFIS during preparation and cross-validation procedure. It s obvious in Fig. 7 that the public presentation end of was achieved in less than blow eras, while the same end could non be achieved in Fig. 3. This consequence depicts that the WDT-ANFIS competent to devour the clip.Apparently from Fig. 8 that the WDT-ANFIS based faculty outperformed the ANFIS and was able to confer betterment in anticipation truth of TURB with MAE equal to 0.1. While, inefficient public presentation was observed harmonizing to ANFIS faculty when the MAE was exceed 20. It is apparent with the addition of noise strength the WQP will hold more accurate anticipation value through the informations de-noised by WDT than those without de-noising. This indicates the high quality of WDT in cleaning the information.Apparently, the ANFIS faculty that used to foretell the T.D.S was able to accomplish acceptable consequence after using natural information. This consequence figures out that the ANFIS faculty can effectively trip up nonlinearity in input/output function. More sweetenings in anticipation of T.D.S were achieved aft er using WDT-ANFIS. Where the truth was betterment eight times comparing with the ANFIS faculty.Albeit the mistake while proving is consider comparatively high comparing with preparation and cross- proof stage, achieve a MAE do nt outgo 3.4 which is consider best consequence in predict the T.D.S. This consequence showed that the WDT-ANFIS faculty could be considered as the appropriate mold technique for anticipation such WQP.It can besides be observed that the WDT-ANFIS faculty outperformed the ANFIS faculty and was able to supply betterment in anticipation truth for COND. It can be noticed that the WDT-ANFIS was heart-to-heart of accomplishing high degree of truth in anticipation phase equal to 2.2, while inefficient public presentation was observed harmonizing to the ANFIS faculty when the per centum of MAE exceed 25.Over all, in this research, the WDT-ANFIS can hence be declared as the best web architecture because it outperforms ANFIS. These consequences show that the WDT-ANFI S theoretical account was non merely capable of bettering the truth of WQPP but the theoretical account besides was capable of capturing the temporal forms of the H2O quality which allowed it to supply important sweetening in anticipation. As a consequence, ANFIS module become more capable to capture the moral force and the complex processes that hidden in the informations itself for WQP after augmented it with WDT.The above observation is farther illustrated in Fig.9 demoing the public presentation of WDT-ANFIS faculties while preparation, cross-validation and anticipation procedure for the WQP. It is obvious from the Fig. 9 ( a ) that the proposed faculty that adopted to foretell the COND was capable to placing the complex non-linear relationship between input and end product informations where merely one fifth of records were used during anticipation. It is clear from the figure that the maximal per centum mistake for all the trained and cross-validation records is merely 1.85 % and 1.2 % severally. While, the maximal per centum mistake for all the predicted records is merely 3.9 % . This consequence reveals that the proposed faculty able to imitating the existent behaviour of the COND in the H2O organic structure.In order to salvage clip and avoid making independent faculty to each parametric quantity, old faculty that utilized to foretell the COND will follow and examined to foretell the T.D.S. it can be noticed from Fig. 9 ( B ) that using one parametric quantity as input does non let the WDT-ANFIS faculty to hold the word-painting to enough input kineticss and the chance to be suitably evaluated during cross-validation procedure. Consequently, the mistake degrees during the anticipation procedure may get down to be larger than those obtained during cross(prenominal) proof. As a consequence, the system may non be able to keep the same degrees of truth for both the cross proof and anticipation procedure. in time though the degree of mistakes in the anti cipation phase is comparatively high, moderately good consequence was obtained for the anticipation of T.D.S where maximal per centum mistakes during anticipation procedure did non transcend 10 %Ali et at. 20 adopted RBF-NN to foretell the TURB at Johor River Basin. High degree of mistake was obtained due to one parametric quantity was used as input to the faculty. In this portion of this paper, three parametric quantities were introduced as input to the faculty after investigated the correlativity between the inputs and end product. Fig.9 ( degree Celsius ) shows the faculty public presentation while preparation, cross proof and anticipation for TURB. It can detect that the maximal mistake in preparation procedure is falling within 0.05 % which indicates that the theoretical account able gaining control the relationships between input/output. Although the mistake of anticipation phase equal to four times the mistake in cross-validation, the faculty provides high degree of truth comparing with the other faculties that used to foretell the COND and T.D.S where the maximal per centum mistake for all the predicted records is merely 0.21 % .DecisionAdaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System ( ANFIS ) can cover with extremely variable, lingual, obscure and unsure informations or cognition. Therefore, this manuscript employs ANFIS theoretical account as a feasible agencies to foretell three H2O quality parametric quantities Electrical CONDuctivity ( COND ) , list Dissolved Solids ( T.D.S ) and TURBidity ( TURB ) at Johor River basin, Malaysia. However, legion incompatibilities in information records are observed in the informations that mensurating by Department of Environment ( DOE ) monitoring Stationss owing to systematic mistakes, random mistakes and mistakes associated with informations entry. This blunt mismatch generate noise corrupted the records of the existent value of the parametric quantities. Therefore, the truth of the ANFIS is significantly affected by such mistakes nature and forms of the monitored informations. In order to predominate over these insufficiencies, ANFIS theoretical account is augmented with Wavelet De-noising Technique ( WDT ) to better the truth. The consequence shown that the WDT can be applied successfully and lend to heighten the truth of H2O quality anticipation by synthesis it with ANFIS algorithm.RecognitionsThe writers wish to thank Department Of Environment for supplying the needed informations for developing this research and to Dr. Sundarambal Palani for her shrewdness and counsel throughout this research. This research was supported by the research cave in for the 2nd and 3rd writers from University Kebangsaan Malaysia UKM-GUP-PLW-08-13-308.

Interrelationship between at least two problems Essay

The parsimony of a offer is very master(prenominal) and connected to many things in the life of each and every person. This paper allow show that the economic science of California equals the program line and the immigrants in California. These three things atomic number 18 connected because some(prenominal) education and many things about immigration need notes and money is a part of the preservation. One of the things that connects the deliverance with education is Proposition 13 and organization budgets. What connects the thriftiness to immigration issues is their contribution to the parsimoniousness and as well as their locating as workers in the country.Proposition 13 was a move to position property taxes by voters in 1978 and increased taxes in other places much(prenominal) as income and sales taxes for schools and other local and state programs. Instead, those who benefited a rush from Proposition 13 was large corporations and businesses. If this is what is h appening to schools, wherefore it leave lead a direct bad stamp to the education system. It heart that education leave be more expensive for people especially in the private schools they be enrolling in.Also, the proposition makes it obvious that the judicature ordain deficiency extensions of funds because the properties are not taxed. There are big taxes sexual climax from properties, especially businesses, which is why they guard slight sources of taxes. This means that there is less r yetue for the government. Less r pull downues means less money given to a lot of things that the government has to fund. This includes the money that the government gives to public schools and community colleges because the government lacks budget especially to make the schools better for the students.The little budget also creates another problem because school staff could be put off, smaller classrooms because of more students coming in, putting schools to closure, and cutting sch ool programs that will athletic supporter many students such as sports, music, and art programs. Because of this, students will have problems bonny better and focusing on their lessons and the things that they have to learn. If it goes really bad, then it will be no different from the poorly-funded education of less prominent nations. alike other poorer nations, students will have very difficult time to apply attention to the teachers which will make their grades discredit and decrease the number of graduates. This means that there will be more students who drop out and become juvenile delinquents. Also, teachers who are talented will be lost because the benefits are not good anymore and because some of them will be laid off. In terms of connecting the problems of California government economic and education system, the lower budget for schools affects the immigrants badly. In California, there are 600,000 ethnic minority colleges who entrust on government funding.The budget c uts have resulted in less outlay per student in important subjects especially in learning English. Because the government spends less money for them, minorities who rely on community college for their education will fall further behind. This will be bad especially because Latinos are becoming a bigger population and are easily ontogenesis to soon become the majority of the state and have the characteristic of existence less educated. In the end, a less educated population will also mean that things will go bad for the economy also.Because businesses and the economy relies on a competent and able workforce, they need to have whole tone people working in businesses, institution and even in the government. Its bad enough that students learn less from community colleges but its even worse that there are students who cant even go to community colleges because of the lack of funding provided to the schools. The state seems to be even scarier especially because the types of jobs that C alifornia needs are skilled and need specialized training in college like in health care, education, technology and winding work.The California economy also has a direct effect on immigrants that isnt coursed through education. We already know that immigrants contribute to the economy by paying taxes, starting a business, and being a good source of labor for companies and businesses. Because of the current good economy of California, many immigrants, both enter and undocumented, are coming in to get better paying jobs than in their home countries and sufficeing the economy grow. The current economy of the state also helps immigrants have better lives than what they have in their third world nations.The economy also helps the immigrants raise their families either in the United States or in their home countries especially when they send money to them. If the economy of California goes down, then a lot of immigrants will lose jobs and will not be able to support their families. Ma ny immigrants will also not have a better life. Its very obvious that immigrants are an important aspect of the California economy. The government should take care of them and not relegate them. If the immigrants are treated well by the economy, then they will help make the economy more prosperous and it will produce a cycle of improvement in the whole state.All in all, the economy of California will affect both the state of education and the state of the immigrants in a directly proportional way and vice versa. If the economy goes down, the system of education will also go down. If the economy goes down, the effect on the immigrants will be negative. If education goes down, the economy and the plight of immigrants will be worse. If the state of the immigrants become worse, it will affect the economy and the feeling of education as well. This means that all of these three factors are linked together and a difference in one will affect the others.

Descarte’s Causal Argument

Descartes spues everything into head in the first meditation, including graven image Himself. He whence comes to this disproval of this theory therefrom concluding that perfection exists. This is brought about through the causal argument. Desartes begins this argument with the causal principle. This principle states that there must be at least as much macrocosm in the effcient and total curtilage as in the gist of the coiffure. Therefore a cause is essential for an effect, meaning that a cause must sire as much fannydor as an effect if not more. Descartes then applies this principle to opinions.He establishes 2 realities orb cosmos and heading humankind. Formal macrocosm refers to that what makes an object, what the object is made of. Formal realities potful be any of the hierarchy of being- in limited substance, finite substance and mode. For showcase the formal reality of a adhesive friction is finite, thus a billfold is a finite substance. Objective reality refers to intellections entirely. It is therefore the formal reality of the thing representing the bringing close together. Lets take the idea of a handle. All ideas have the formal reality of a mode therefore its formal reality is that of a mode.On the other hand, the objective reality of the idea of a bag is a finite substance. This is because a bag in itself is a finite substance and because it is an idea, its objective reality is finite. Hence it maybe understood that precisely ideas of things can have objective realities a bag (for case) in itself can only have a formal reality while the idea of a bag (for example) can have both formal reality and objective. Descartes henceforth distinguishes between formal and objective realities as previously stated. This then leads Descartes to put the causal principle and ideas together, establishing causal principle ideas.Descartes asks if the cause of the idea of something can be a mode. As stated above, the cause of an effect must have more reality that the effect itself. An idea of something has the formal reality of a mode yet the objective reality of the something. Thus, if the example of the bag is used, the idea of a bag has the objective reality of a finite substance. So taking the causal principle into perspective, the cause of this idea must be either a finite substance or an measureless substance because the cause must have the same or a higher reality. If we then ask the question can the cause of the idea of a bag be a mode?The help would be no. The reason being that the idea of a bag has an objective reality of a finite substance so the cause must indeed be finite or infinite. The essence of the causative Argument is then discussed after all this was established. Descartes brings up the idea of matinee idol and questions it. He had put even God into doubt in guess 1 and this argument is resurfaced in Meditation 3. The idea of God , as every idea, has the formal reality of a mode yet its objec tive reality is unique. It has the objective reality of an infinite substance.An infinite substance in itself refers to God. Due to these facts, Descartes himself, or any human for that matter, cannot be the cause of such an idea because they argon finite substances which has less reality than an infinite substance. Hence, Descartes concludes that only God Himself can be the cause of the idea of God because an infinite substance is the only possible cause to an idea of the objective reality of an infinite substance. This is Descartes proof of the existence of God. through with(predicate) further reference to Descartes first meditation, this eliminates any doubts of God.Descartes states that whatever is clearly and distinctly perceived is true and God is good. Hence, the evil freak theory in the first meditation is eliminated. If God is good then we cannot be being deceived by an evil demon because God would not let us be deceived like that. Through whatever is clearly and distinc tly perceived is true, we understand that we are not dreaming, we are existing and living. Descartes builds the rest of his meditations on this. Before everything was cast into doubt, now the truths are being revealed through these foundations.

Marketing Pizza Hut in Nigeria Essay

Executive SummaryThe sporting- intellectual nourishment for thought industry has been virtuoso of the just some in(predicate) industries even with the frugal meltdown that occurred in 2008 its success is receiv fitted to the copulation number 1 hail of its harvest-tides and pizza pie pie hovel is an example. Established in the fall in narrates in 1958 by ii brothers, the troupe has since grown from being local anesthetic troupe to an externalistic compevery with everywhere 11,000 units in the United States and crosswise the World. The society has branded its material body and name for being one the now pizza making eating places in the world. Despite its presence internationally the naughty society is still yet to dominate Africa, although, Africa is developing region with a corporation environmental risk in certain regions some countries argon victorious measures to remedy such risks with outlets in the Northern and Southern Africa the political party pi ece of tail expand in other atomic number 18as.The suit able-bodied location go out be Nigeria located on the Western side of Africa. Nigeria being the most live awkward in Africa is country with abundant resources, oil and muck up argon the major source of income with agri refinement chase suit. The country has a large point antithetical cultural background individually exhibiting ones own way aliveness, only when the country is united as one nation with English being the official language. Although, the country is bashn to be environmentally risky region, the government is adopting a tonic reform that leave behind benefit the nation and encourage Foreign Direct Investment. For pizza pie chanty, franchising its eating place to suchlocation will incr ease its strength and presence in the Afri slew region with other countries likely to follow the path.History pizza pie Hut was started in the city of Wichita, Kansas in the United States in 1958. It was two brothers Dan and Frank Carney while thinking in college in Wichita, Kansas were undertakeed by a family friend with the impression of interruption a pizza store. Being elysian with the idea, they borrowed an amount of six hundred dollars from their mother and procured some second pot equipments and hired a small building on a busy intersection in their hometown. Thus became the start of the of the greatest pizza name in the world. The comp whatever in corporeald after a twelvemonth and its initial franchise began in Topeka. (Entrepreneur Media, Inc., 2013)Background Overviewpizza Hut is an American chain of restaurants and international franchise that offers various types of pizzas on with a variety of side dishes and desserts. pizza pie Hut began franchising approximately 1959. pizza pie Hut otherwise known as pizza pie Hut, Inc., in the corporate world became a subsidiary of Yum Brands, Inc., as of 1997. Yum Brands, Inc., is considered to be the largest restaurant company appr oximately the globe. Our study indicated that pizza Hut has around 14,357 franchise units around the world today and as well is ranked 10th among the top 10 franchises for 2013. (Entrepreneur Media, Inc., 2013)PurposeThe purpose of this report would be to make single-valued function of the study and results to prepargon a commercialise place placeing report incorporating Pizza Hut, Inc., in Nigeria, Africa in order to disclose a market audit, plan and system and withal use the appropriate material and subjects re new-fangledd to entering the Nigerian trade. at that place would however be a portion of concerns and reasons that would involve the company while shifting and familiarizing to the new location. However due to tall cost of these libertine food for thought brands, galore(postnominal) mint still cannot unfold it. therefrom reasonable expenses are to be varied in order to deal in these types of challenging markets.Country Overview NIGERIANigeria also known a s the devil of Africa is the most populous country in Africa. Nigeria was colonized by the British and got her liberty on October beginning(a) 1960. The country is a federal extreme re humans, with 36 presents and a Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. there are over 250 ethnics groups in Nigeria, which the majority being Hausa, Yoruba and Igbo. After the countrys independence the country had a civil war that led to the formation of military regime during the 70s till 1999, which saw the beginning of a democratic regime. market-gardening and ReligionWith a universe of over 160 million people living in Nigeria, projected figures shows that the religious demographic indicate that 50% of the world are Muslims, 40% Christians and 10% practice their indigenous judgement (CIA World Fact obligate). In Nigerian society religion plays a major agency in peoples way of life Islam is of majority in the Northern region, which is dominated by the Hausas while Christianity is in the Southe rn region. The Yorubas have a more diverse religion and those in the middle-belt practice their own indigenous belief. Throughout the country religion is a means for social mobility, providing means of incorporation into business and semi semipolitical circles as well as educational system (Library of Congress).Politics and GovernmentThe organization of Nigeria shows that the country is a sovereign state, whose citizens are bounded to secureher by a Federal arrangement. The branches of government is divided into three the Executive, a Judiciary, and a Legislative. The Executive power is solely for the President who is also the chief of state and head of the government. The Legislative branch consists of the Senate members, and House of Representatives, and the Judiciary consists of the all the levelheaded system both at Federal level and State level. The chairman appoints members of the Supreme Court subject to con riotousation by the Senate. There ninefold political parties in Nigeria of which three are very strong, hoi pollois Democratic Party (PDP), any Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP), and Alliance Congress (AC) the PDP has been rule the country for over a decade. (Nigeria GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS).Legal SystemThe ratified system in Nigeria is a junto of statutory law, English third estate law, conventional law, and in the northern region Islamic law. The Federal and State courts apply the English common law, while the local courts apply customary and Islamic law (Nigeria GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS). scrimpingNigeria being an oil-rich nation has been face up with heavy political inst cleverness, corruption, inadequate infrastructure, and poor management, only when in 2008 started economic reforms. gross domestic crossroad (Purchasing Power Parity) = $ 455.5 billion (2012 est.) Compared to the rest of the world = 31GDP (PPP) 2011 = $ 428.4 billionGDP (Real harvest-feast Rate) = 6.3% (2012)Compared to the world = 41GDP (Real Growth Rate) 2011 = 7.4% GDP (Per Capita) 2012 = $2,800Compared to the world 180GDP (Per Capita) 2011 = $2,700(CIA World Fact Book)The deliverance of Nigeria slowed down in 2012 as shown above the oil sector continues to be the major contribution of the regions tax revenue with a process rate of 8% compared to -0.35% in the non-oil sector. Economic activities are mostly denominated by Agri shade, gas and oil sectors in Nigeria. Though the economic reform looks strong there are still challenges the country needfully to face. There is a high un usement that rosaceous from 21% in 2010 to 24% in 2011. Another downside to the economy is the pledge challenges arising from religious or ethnic conflicts, costs associated with environmental factors, and the slow world-wide economic developing and the sovereign debt crisis in the Euro region.DemographicsPopulationhttp//www.indexmundi.com/nigeria/age_structure.htmlworld fact bookThe above macrocosm pyramid shows a structure of a countries population, populati on Is distributed on the horizontal axis, which is divided by male on the left over(p) and females on the right. The X-axis indicates population and the Y-axis has distinguished age groups.Economic statisticsThe economy in Nigeria is a mixed economy with developing market sectors ( statutory, finance, communication, transport, entertainment). Nigeria is ranked thirty-sixth in terms of GDP as of 2013. Due to the resilience witnessed in 2012, the economy of Nigeria is expected to grow rapidly and gain stability. Nigeria GDP growth slowed down from by 7.4 % in 2011 to 6.6% in 2012. In diversity with sectors in Nigeria, agriculture stands the highest contributor, followed by crude oil, natural gas and wholesale produces. Economy in Nigeria is the largest in West Africa and top three in Africa. personalised income per capitahttp//www.tradingeconomics.com/nigeria/gdppercapitaPersonal income per capita has improved over the years and has maintained a stable growth from 2004 2012 due to the improved income to the country from crude oil and agriculture. From $726.4 per person in 2004 and a drastic change in 2012 with $1052.3 per person. gradually with the development and newfound opportunities in Nigeria the income per capita will steadily grow.Foreign investingBefore the exporting of oil, agriculture was one of the largest fr actions in the countries earnings. A trace for direct immaterial investments in Nigeria is the oil and gas sector. Other international investment opportunities such as telecommunications, electricity, real estate, food and beverage, consumer goods, health bursting charge and tourism.Working railsWorking conditions in Nigeria is far from ideal, apart from civil servants and employees of foreign countries, working conditions and wages are acceptable. This may not be the condition of the local people in Nigeria. Protests by the trade union leaders, strikes, income inequalities, late payment, poor wages strickle the standard of living in Nigeria. technical abstractInfrastructure in Nigeria is weak it is one of the main problems that affect the growth of the country. Unreliable electricity, water resource, road, transport have pulled back the growth of Nigeria in the previous years. In recent developments the country has public close partnership, investors and international companies moving into these regions for a better prospect and can come to the economy.Market AuditThe ProductWhen considering the market audit and competitive market analysis for any business, there are quadruple factors to consider fundamentally. These four factors are product, price, promotion, and placement. Pizza Hut is a unbendable food restaurant chain that provides the eat-in and take-away services for straightaway food guests. The other away and internal environmental might such as the cultural, legal and political also has the great impact on the product availability, its sales, marketing and reputation. The legal forces are un biased to start a business venture in Africa, specifically the fast food chains such as Pizza Hut. Some social and cultural forces also play an influential role in creating and destroying the opportunities for any business. KFC, Donut King, dominos, and Italian Pizza are most well renowned names in providing the high quality fast food products in these markets and are using the high standard advertizing and promotional strategies thus the competition is challenging. The understanding of recent advertizement, trends, promotions and marketing slipway are considered to be necessary when stepping into the Nigerian fast food products market.The MarketMarket is a place where major process of the business takes place. The economical, political, social, cultural, financial, legal and technological forces are basically some of the factors that play a evidentiary role in creating and destroying the opportunities for any business. If the economy of the country where the product or service would be marketed is stable and unbiased, it is a great opportunity for the businesses. The political and legal stability plays a vital role for starting any business in a country. The social and cultural environmental forces are most significant to consider because they contain people, the real buyers of the products and services. (Glader, 2006, pp. 16).Nigerias culture and tradition are slightly different than the other regions of the world i.e. UK and USA. There are some(prenominal) languages are being spoken in Nigeria, but the official language is English. This is one of the best strength of Nigerian culture that welcomes the foreign cockeyeds to join the Nigerian market. The legal system of Nigeria is a conspiracy of several laws and principles including Islamic, customary and English laws. There could be some threats for the fast foods businesses because of diverse religions and laws systems. Nigeria has a mixed economy and stands at the 36th part in terms of GDP as of 2 013. The agricultural industry of Nigeria significantly brooked its economy followed by the natural resources of crude oil, natural gas and wholesale products. The income per capita increased in the period of 2004-2012 ( transaction Economic, 2013). The income status of people is acceptable, but not for general Nigerian public. However, the earning people are able to afford the fast food product purchase even in reparation intervals. While the poor wages of most of the people, late payments and strikes can ofttimes make critical situations in the country.Figure GDP Per CapitaThe technological publicity is gro elevateg rapidly in Nigeria and it is a most definitive utility for MNCs. The online markets are majorly playing important role in bringing buyers and exchangeers closer. People now prefer to use online platforms for placing orders and making purchases. Thus theonline promotional strategy and also television and physical ad banners would be helpful for Pizza Hut if impl emented. Several other products are also getting rapid fame among people such as MacDonalds and Italian Pizza. The introduction of several beneficial schemes and promotions such as coupons, gifts, weekend packages and midnight offers would be kaleable and would also help Pizza Hut to get rapid repute and enormous customer circle.Market sizeThe market size of the troops country describes the demand and put out scale of the products. To supply the products in any host country there must be sufficient potential demand. larger the market size, better the economical growth would be (Wei & Liu, 2001, pp.38). Several international investors and marketers have opened their retail business in Nigerian market such as Shoprite, Artee Industries Ltd, and Internationale Spar Centrale BV in 2012. The rapidly increasing population of Nigeria will picture the strong and ever going demand for international products specifically the fast food products. The increasing rate of urbanization and overbearing economic outlook of Nigeria will support the MNCs. (Euro Monitor, 2013).CompetitorsOne of the main competitors and its product prices in Lagos is Dominos PizzaDominos Pizza is a popular pizza occasion in Lagos. They offer both dine in and home delivery services. Their motto is to spread happiness around Lagos. Products and PricesDominos main offering may be pizza but a wide variety of side orders is also offered by the fast food common. The price list of their popular products is as follows scandalmongering FeastGrilled chicken breast,mushrooms and sweet corn. strong point 2,000 puffy 2,900 blistery Pepperoni FeastExtra beef pepperoni,red chillies & extramozzarella cheeseMedium 2,000Large 2,900Hot VeggieOnion, green pepper,banana, red chillies& tomatoesMedium 2,000Large 2,900BBQ ChickenGrilled chicken breast, Onions & BBQ behave.Medium 2,300Large 3,200BBQ Philly SteakPhilly steak, Beef topping, Onions & BBQ sauceMedium 2,300Large 3,200Meal Deals and side or ders are also offered. The joint also serves Cold Stone Ice creamPromotion and advertizementDominos pizza uses different channels of advertisement and promotion. Billboards and hoardings are used to promote special deals and throw outs. The fast food joint has a website that houses the menu and also facilitates online order booking. Dominos prides itself on its ability to make prompt deliveries throughout Lagos. DistributionDominos Pizza has six main outlets in Lagos. The bulk of distribution is attributed to home delivery. obscure from these international fast food chains, many local fast food joints are open in Lagos. These include Marios Pizza and fast foodSweet SensationMama CassGhana HighThese fast food chains offer a wide range of sack deals and competitiveprices. Pricing StrategyPricing is one of the most important aspects of the marketing mix of the product. Product placement and promotion depends on how the product has been priced. In order to set a price strategy, pric ing target areaives must be set. These include Current receipts maximizationCurrent revenue maximizationMaximize quantityMaximize profit margin feeling leadershipPartial cost recoverySurvivalStatus quoSince Pizza Hut will be introducing its products in Lagos for the first time, its pricing object should be to maximise quantity and ultimately become the market leader. In order to attain this status Pizza Hut may employ one of the two pricing strategies Skim Pricing whereby the company prices its products high. This offers profit maximisation. By adopting this strategy the company assumes the stance of serving a inlet market. Penetration Pricing whereby products are priced low to maximise quantity and ease into the market. Since, the target market for Pizza hut is price sensitive and super elastic, the best pricing strategy would be Penetration Pricing. By pricing the products low at the beginning, Pizza Hut would be able to gain more market share and cater to a greater market. Pr icing MethodsSeveral pricing methods may be employed to adjoin the pricing objectives of the company. These methods vary from product to product. Some companies may use different and innovative pricing methods that better satisfy the needs of both the customer and the company. Traditionally used pricing methods include Cost-plus pricing ground on production cost plus a certain profit margin Target-return pricing ground on a target return-on-investment Value-based pricing based on value offered relative to competitors Psychological pricing based on customers perception and demand Pizza Hut may employ any one or a combination of the above mentioned pricing methods to accomplish its pricing objectives. Price DiscountsThe list price is normally discounted for the distribution channel. This may be done in the following ways Quantity discountCumulative quantity discount seasonal DiscountCash discountTrade discountPromotional discountPizza hut could offer the following price discounts t o its customers Quantity discounts whereby customers buy in greater quantities could be offered special deals and discounts Promotional discounts special promotions could be used to boost salesmerchandising PlanMarketing ObjectivesMarketing objectives helps define what a company wants to achieve through its marketing activities. Firms from different industries create their marketing objectives by doing a thorough analysis of their firms fig up analysis in order to identify the key areas of concentration. For Pizza Hut, to define its marketing objectives it has to decide on the entry strategy that it will adopt for Nigeria.Entry StrategyOne of the leading markets in sub-Saharan Africa is Nigeria with a population of above 158 million. However Nigeria having a wide range of ethnic groups is an environment with high risk potential. It would be advisable for Pizza Hut to franchise the company to another company in Nigeria, in order to reduce un projectn risk. A franchise is an agreeme nt betwixt two parties where the franchisor sells the right to franchise the company to a franchisee. However due to the changes in routines and consumer flavors, preferences are readily growing towards packed and convenient foods. All these matters are assisting the countrys retail food sector to develop.In growing markets like Nigeria, consumers would always prefer to have a culinary art that is more appropriate to the native palate rather than aninternational cuisine Finding the right partner to sell the rights might be rather daunting but Devyani International Limited an Indian based company with operation in Nigeria might be good partner to sell the franchise to. Devyani International Limited an associate company of RJ-Corp Largest bottler for Pepsico with currently having about 300 outlets of Pizza Hut, KFC, Costa, Swensens, and many more brands in India (Devyani International Limited). The company opened KFC in Nigeria as of 2009 and is currently investing on opening more outlets in the region ( melodic line New Nigeria).Our study showed that an average Nigerian spends around 72.97% of his/her income on food. The table below shows the percentage of total food expenditure in Nigeria as of 2010.IMAPs Food & Beverage attention Global Report 2010 be Food Expenditure lot of Total Expenditure (%)Beverages/Tobacco2.73Meat12.88Fish15.22Diary5.61Breads/Cereals34.08Fats/Oils5.15Fruits/Vegetables15.44Other Foods8.89Percentage of Total Food Expenditure (%)72.97After selecting the entry strategy, establishing the SMART approach for the marketing objective would seem useful. This will however help to fancy the objective are Specific explains what needs to be gained.Measurable objectives should be measurable in terms of performance indicators, percentages, outcomes, and much more. Action-oriented State which action need to taken and who should take them. Realistic the resources available should be able to meet the objectives. Time Specific specify time fra me and schedules for achievements or completion. To achieve the SMART approach, Pizza Hut will have to recrudesce the management of its franchisee on how to operate and manage the business similar to that of Pizza Huts method.Product AdaptationThe key for international food chains such as Pizza Hut is to emphasize on adapting and accepting the local palate and then developing innovative foods to win over the native consumers. The term Product Adaptation uses the strategy of the follower. That is the new product is based on improvements or modifications of the current product of the company (MBA Skool). To be successful in an international market it necessary for a firm to adapt its product to meet international customers or markets needs (Small Biz Connect). For Pizza Hut, it will have to rely on the franchisee to foresee the product adaptation in the region. The franchisee with its extensive knowledge in the market understands consumer preferences, even though Nigeria is country w ith wide range of cultures but from each one culture share common trait in its region.Promotion jumblePromotion is the method used to create awareness about a product or service to customers a firm offers (Small Business Development). at one time the business has started the following are means to raise awareness to the public about the company1. Advertising one of the most important forms of ephemeral information tothe general public. It is a form of communication used to influence or persuade potential consumers to choose a companys product or service over its competitors (Small Business Development). Successful advertising should be planned properly so that the consumer perceives the intended messages. There many types of media options to choose for advertising choosing which type of media depends on the market a firm is trying target and also on the budget. The types of media include press advertising, radio, television, direct mail, ambient, and much more. Firms should be careful on selecting the type of media (or mixture) for advertising their product so as not waste resources, a famous reference from John Wanamaker (1838-1922) state Half the money I spend on advertising is wasted the trouble is I do not know which half (Small Business Development).2. Sales Promotion relates to incentives or activities mostly short-term that produces the likelihood of purchase or sale of a product. Sales promotions can be used to target different types of customers, types of promotions include consumer, business, trade, and Sales force promotions.3. Public Relation this is all about building relationship with stakeholders of a company by obtaining favorable publicity, incorporating a strong brand image and name, and providing accurate information to the public. Having a strong relationship with stakeholders can generate positive outcomes for a firm where customers can provide good tribute to others due their satisfaction with the company (Small Business Develo pment).The franchisee of Pizza Hut should be able to use any of the above-mentioned promotion or use all of them. For the advertising both parties should discuss on the cost for doing the advertisement whether both would share the cost or one party would be responsible.Channels of DistributionAgricultural and livestock products have a high import tariff in Nigeria the government imposed such high tariffs as part of their economic reform to boost the economy and to support the agricultural sector. Pizza Hut would face high tariffs if it were going to supply the business with its ownproduce. The company or the franchisee can partner with any of the intermediaries to provide the company with agricultural products this in short would save the firm cost it would have to bear due to import tariffs and compensating with high prices of the products to the customers.SWOT AnalysisConclusionOnce colonized by the British, Nigeria is known as the Giant of Africa which is one of the most populous countries in Africa. Having a population of over 160 million people and over 250 ethnic groups with each having their own dialects, it is a mixed economy with developing market sectors. notwithstanding though a majority of the general population are earning low incomes, the increasing rate of urbanization and positive economic outlook of Nigeria will support the multinational companies. Due to the rapid growth in engineering science in the country, various sources of promotional strategies can be followed such as online platforms and other beneficial schemes in order to help the business to get a rapid fame and vast customer circle. Hence through regular marketing plans and strategies, we can extent the label of our fast food joint around the nation and generate happiness among the people.ReferencesEntrepreneur Media. 2013. Pizza Hut Inc.. ONLINE in stock(predicate) at http//www.entrepreneur.com/franchises/pizzahutinc/282696-0.html. Accessed 04 November 13.Oliver Joy and Tatian a Nassar. 2013. Fast-food giants want pizza the action in Africa. ONLINE available at http//edition.cnn.com/2013/10/04/business/fast-food-giants-africa/. Accessed 06 November 13.Uche M. Nzeka. 2011. Steady Growth of Nigerias Retail Food Sector . ONLINE accessible at http//photos.state.gov/libraries/nigeria/487468/pdfs/Retail.pdf. 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